Most important geography question with answer for all competitive exam( upsc, state pcs, ssc, railway, si , delhi police).

Most important geography question with answer for all competitive exam( upsc, state pcs, ssc, railway, si). Universe  related question . 1.  The atmosphere  of planet  venus is made up of  thick  and  yellowish  clouds of... .?   Ans-  sulphuric acid . 2.  which of the following  group of          planet  is termed as ' gas planet '       as they  are  composed  primarily       of lighter  ices,  liquids and                   gases? Ans-  jupiter,  uranus , neptune, saturn. 3.  which one among the following         planet has the largest  number of       known  satellite? Ans-  saturn. 4.  what is the radius  of earth ? Ans- 6371 km. 5.  if the orbit  of a planet is an      ...
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Detailed explanation of stainless steel



 .                       Stainless steel 

Stainless steel  is a corrosion  resistent  alloy of  iron , chromium , and other element  it is known for its ability  to resist  oxidation  and rusting  due to the  formation  of a passive  chromium  oxide layer  on its surface . This makes it highly  suitable  for application  requiring durability , hygiene , and aesthetic appeal.

Manufacturing process of stainless steel .

The production of stainless steel involve  several  steps.

1. Raw material selection .

Iron ore , chromium , nickel and other alloying  element  are selected  based on desired grade.

2. Melting .

Raw material are melted  in an electric arc  furnace (EAF)  or basic oxygen  furnace (BOF).

3. Refining .

The molten metal is  refined  to  remove  impurities and adjust  chemical composition .

4. Casting .

The refined metal is cast  into  semi-finished forms like  slabs,billets ,or blooms ,

5. Hot rolling .

 The semi-finished forms  are heated  and rolled  into plates , sheets or coils.

6.Annealing and pickling .

Annealing restore ductility , and pickling  removes  scales from the surfaces .

7. Cold rolling.

Enhance surface finish  and  achieves  precise  dimension .

8. Finishing .

Polishing ,grinding , or coating to meet  specific application  needs.

Composition of stainless steel .

The key component of stainless seel are.
Iron (Fe)-  The base metal .

Chromium(Cr)-Minimum  10.5% forms a passive  layer  of  chromium oxide  for corrosion  resistence.

Nickel (Ni) - Improves toughness , corrosion resistence and ductility .

Carbon (C) -Typically less than 1%  influences strength  and hardness.

Molybdenum(Mo) - Enhance resistance to pitting  and  crevice  corrosion .

Other element .

Manganese- improves  hardness and strength .

Silicon (Si) -enhance  oxidation resistence .

Nitrogen (N)-  Add strength  and improves  pitting  resistence.

Titanium (Ti), and Niobium (Nb)- stabilizes  structures too present  carbide  precipitation .

Types of stainless steel .

Stainless steel is categorised  into five  main  families  based  on their  microstructure .

1.Austenitic  stainless steel .

Structure- Face centered cubic (FCC) .

 Grade- 304 , 316 .

 Property - High corrosion resistence ,
 excellent weldability , non- magnetic.

Application -Food processing , chemical tanks ,  marine components.

2.Ferritic stainless steel .

Structures -  body centered cubic(bcc).

. Grade-430, 409 .

Properties-  Moderates corrosion resistence , magnetic , good ductility .

Application -  automotive exhaust  system  appliances .

3.  Martensitic  stainless steel .

Structures- Body centered  tetragonal (Bct).

 Grade- 410, 420 .

Properties - High strength ,and hardness, moderates corrosion  resistence.

 Application-  Cutlery , surgical instrument .

4.Duplex  stainless steel .

Structure-  Balanced mixture of  austenitic  and  ferritic phases.

Grade-2205, 2507.

Properties- Superior strength , high  corrosion  resistence  .

 Application - Oil and gas , chemical processing .

5.Precipitation  Hardening (PH) stainless steel .

Structures- Martensitic  or  semi- austenitic.

Grade- 17 -A PH, 15-5 Ph.

 Property -  high strength, excellent  corrosion  resistence.

 Application- Aerospace , nuclear industries .

Properties of stainless steel.

1. Mechanical property.

Tensile strength-  varies by grade ,typically  range  from 400 - 1200 mpa.

 Hardness- low to high , depending on carbon  content  and heat treatment.

 Ductility - excellent in  austenitic grades, moderates in  ferritic and duplex grades.

Toughness-  High especially in  austenitic   stainless steel  at low temprature.

2. Corrosion resistence .

Resistence to rusting , pitting , and  stress  corrosion  cracking.

Enhanced by chromium,nickel and molybdenum content .

3. Thermal property .

Low thermal conductivity -  slower heat transfer  compared to carbon steel .

 Thermal expansion -  higher in austenitic  grades.

Other  important property .

Non- magnetic -  Austenitic  grades  are generally  non-  magnetic ,  other types may be magnetic.

 Recyclable-  Eco-friendly and sustainable.

Grade of stainless steel .

Stainless steel is  classified into grades based on its  composition  and properties . Common  standard include.

American( AISI/ASTM).

1.  304- general purpose ,  high corrosion resistence .

2. 316-  marine  grade, with  molybdenum  for  enhanced  corrosion  resistence.

3. 410-  high strength and  hardness , moderates corrosion  resistence.

4.  17-4 PH-  precipitation , hardened  for high strength  and corrosion  resistence.

European(EN).

1.  1.4301 (304)-  for  general purpose .

2. 1.4404(316)- Low  carbon version  for improved  weldability.

Japanese(JIS).

1.  S U S B 0 4 -Equivalent  to A I S I 304.
2. S U S B 1 6- Equivalent to A I S I 316.

 Uses of  stainless steel.

Food industry -  Tanks, utensils ,  conveyors system.

 Medical field- surgical instrument .

Aerospace ans automotive -  Exhaust system ,  high  strength components.

 Energy-  Pipelines,  like gas pipeline , water supply  pipeline ,

Architecture-  like roofing , over bridges, structural components.



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