what is soil
soil is the renewable resources . it is the loose material available upper most layer of soil.soil is the important layer on earth because soil is the support our environment like many plants are growing with the help of soil, soil is also support various types of living being ,and soil support development of infrastructure like roads, mall , bridge,firstly checked the soil properties then after begin the work on sites.
Few centimeter soil can makes ,takes millians of years .generally soil makes by breaking or collison of big size rock into small size , and decomposer are also involved it .
soil contains various type of mineral such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime, phosphorous
classification of soil
1.Alluvial soil
alluvial soil are these soil which can extends entire region of ganga and brahmputra river that is northern plains of india.
alluvial soil can makes by silts sands and clays. alluvial soil makes by this process ,In the river valley soil particles found in bigger sizes then in the river water is flow so many soil particles are colloid between them continuously then they formed soil .
alluvial soil are most fertile soil, so it is most appropriate for agriculture. old alluvial soil are called bangar. and new alluvial soil are called khadar. In the bangar soil contains kankar and khadar is the most fine particles and it is more fertile.
The alluvial soil contains Potash , phosphoric acid and lime.
The alluvial soil suitable for sugarcane , paddy , wheat ,cereals.
Alluvial soil
2. black soil
Black soil is the black in color , black soil is also called regur soil. black soil is useful for cotton growing.
black soil is found in maharastra , saurashtra, madhyapradesh entire region of godavri and krishna valleys.
black soil are made from fine that clayey materials. these soil have capacity to hold water . black soil are contains various minerals or nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
Black soil
3. Red or yellow soil
generally red soil are made from crystalline of igneous rock these soil are found in odisha and chattisgarh . soil have reddish in color because diffusion of iron in crystalline or metamorphic rock.
4. Laterites soils
generally the laterites sol are found in high temprature and heavy rainfall region . Laterites soil are most suitable for cultivation or farming
laterites soil are found from madhyapradesh , kerala , tamilnadu and hilly areas .these soil are most suitable for cashew nut
5.Arid soil
arid soil are found in brown in color , arid soil are sandy in texture , and saline in nature , these soil are found in western rajasthan .
6. forest soil
forest soil are found in mountainous areas .
forest soil are loamy and silty , it contains low humus.
importance of soil
1. plant growth
soil provides essential nutrients , water, and support for plant . it is the medium in which most plants anchor their roots and from which they derives their essentials nutrients and water .
2.water filtration
soil act as natural filters , cleaning water as it percolates through the layer . This filtration process help removes contaminants and improves water quality before it reaches aquifer or surface water bodies
3. habitat for organism
soil is home to a vast array of organism including bacteria , fungi , insects and worms these organism plays critical role in nutrient cycling , decomposition and the overall health of the ecosystem
4. carbon storage
soil is a major reservoir of carbon
5. nutrient cycling
soil play a key role in the recycling of nutrients , such as nitrogen , phosphorous , and potassium these nutrients are essentials for plant growth and are cycled through various forms within the soil ecosystem.
Making process of soil.
The process of soil formation, also known as pedogenesis, begins with the weathering of parent rock material. This occurs through physical, chemical, and biological processes that break down rocks into smaller particles over time. Physical weathering involves factors such as temperature changes, water, wind, and ice, which cause rocks to crack and fragment. Chemical weathering involves reactions between minerals in the rock and elements like water and oxygen, leading to the formation of new compounds. Biological weathering occurs when plants, microorganisms, and animals contribute to the breakdown of rock material.Organic matter from decomposed plants and animals mixes with the mineral particles, creating humus, which enriches the soil with nutrients. Over time, layers or horizons of soil develop, each with distinct characteristics, forming the complete soil profile. This process can take hundreds or thousands of years, depending on environmental conditions and the type of parent material.
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